We have looked at an alternative dance of death, Accidens de l'Homme, and seen how the same images were used with two different texts.
But there is another version of the same motives. The title page of a book of hours published by Hardouyn says: »heures a lusaige de Romme tout du long sans riens requerir. Avec les figures de la vie de lhomme: et la destruction de hierusalem«. Somehow you have to love the people of this era: Never mind the fact that this book of hours contains close to 200 pages worth of Christian prayers and pictures of holy men and women; the thing that will sell the book is that the margin of some of the pages are decorated with "The Life of Man" and "The Destruction of Jerusalem".
The images are quite big as marginals go, and in the books of hours there's only one per page. I place them, however, two and two for practical reasons. The pictures appear in the sequence mandated by the text, which is quite different from the previous versions:
1.
Eve et Adam, puis leur création, |
2.
Leur fils Caïn me fit premier hommage, |
3.
Ainsi donc en ma possession mise, |
4.
Dessus ce bœuf, qui s'en va pas à pas, |
5.
Age souvent qui est vieil et caduque, |
6.
Dieu plusieurs fois, en vengeance cruelle, |
7.
Par famine, fait les autres détruire |
8.
Mortalité, ma bonne chambrière, |
9.
Par le moyen de ces trois dures verges, |
9½.
Ie ay maladie ma loyalle seruante |
10.
J'ai d'autre part, qui jamais ne sommeille, |
11.
Puis ces brigands larrons, meurtriers, iniques, |
12.
Car justice, qui souvent m'anticipe, |
13.
Et mes exploits nullement ne restreins |
14.
Les fortunés et les mondains heureux, |
15.
Je fais tarir à coup beauté mondaine: |
16.
Ces corps bien faits, ces féminins visages, |
17.
Devant aussi mes douloureux assauts |
18.
Je fais aux bons leurs chemins et passages; |
19.
Tout homme est né pour mourir une fois; |
20.
Sa, ménestriers, sans vous tenir arrière, |
21.
Aucun pays est puni par famine. |
22.
Age souvent, qui est vieil et caduque, |
23.
Devant aussi mes douloureux assauts, |
24.
Je suis la mort qui mène à toute fin, |
25.
O vous humains qui voyez cette danse, |
Basically the story is still the same as in Accidens de l'Homme: Death boasts how he ever since Adam and Eve has plagued mankind together with his helpers, War, Famine, Disease and Accident. The text is a bit longer, so Death's little troupe is expanded with Aage (old age) and Justice (who executes the criminals).
The text seems more well-rounded than in Accidens. For instance we get a good reason for why the scene with Cain and Abel is included: "Cain was the first to pay homage to me (i.e. Death)". Here in Vie the text explains why Death is riding on a bull, ("Dessus ce beuf"): The ox moves like Death with slow steps, but unstoppable. Death's three comrades-in-arms, War, Famine and Disease, are called »Plus cruelle que bêste léonine«, which makes for a stronger allusion to the four horsemen of the Apocalypse: »Its rider's name was Death, […] they were given authority […] to kill with sword, famine, and pestilence, and by the wild animals of the earth« (Revelation 6,8).
The sequence is different. This is particularly true for Death himself,
who introduces the two previous dances. In Vie
it's only in the end it's "revealed" who's speaking:
»Je suis la Mort«.
Strictly speaking, Death doesn't get the last word
because the last image shows Jesus at Judgment Day.
On the other hand, it's hardly Jesus who says:
»If you dance well, you will be rewarded. If you dance badly you will pay dearly«.
But in fact it's problematic to speak of the sequence because the different editions vary when it comes to the sequence and the number of verses (see this overview).
The text in the above table — excepting stanzas 9½ and 21 — was typed out by Thomas Mermet in the book "La vie de l'homme, poëme de 1509, et la Destruction de Jérusalem", 1838 (I have corrected a few errors).
Mermet was himself the owner of a book of hours by Hardouyn from 1509. His text is in a more moderne French and embellished with punctuation and accents that make it more accessible to modern readers.
The text has also been typed out by A. Méray in "Archives du bibliophile". He does skip some verses though: 1-3, 18 and 21-23. Méray only tells us that he is copying from the margins of "a curious book of hours from the time of Charles VIII": »sur les marges d'un curieux livre d'heures de temp de Charles VIII«.
These pictures are relatively rare; most of Hardouyn's book of hours doesn't have any dances of death. In a few books the metalcuts are used without text as a sort of "decoration". There are even a handful of books by Hardouyn promising on the front page to contain "Les figures de la Vie de lHomme", but without actually doing so.
The most frustrating example must be two volumes owned by Yale. Both have the exact same colophon with the exact same date (March 8th, 1509), and both have the exact same front page with the exact same promise of containing "Vie de L'homme" and "The destruction of Jerusalem". One of the volumes lives up to this promise — it's in fact the same edition that was used by Mermet. The other volume has a totally different content and contains neither the "Vie" nor the "Destruction" cycle.
There are great variations between the individual editions. I have made a handy comparison chart here. In the book described by Mermet, verses 21 is a copy of verse 9. This seems to only be true for this particular edition, while other editions have a different verse 21 (»Aucun pays est puni […]«), which I have typed out in the table above (instead of repeating verse 9).
Other editions have another extra verse, »Jay maladie ma loyalle servante […]« (picture to the right). I have given this verse number 9½ in the above table.
Verse 22 (»Age souvent […]«) is a copy of verse 5. Verse 23 starts like verse 17, but consists of only 5 lines.
The pictures are a chapter in themselves. It is far from always that the same images are used for the same verses — even in those editions where the cycle is repeated in the same book. This also applies to those images that clearly show a specific scene, e.g. when Cain and Abel is illustrated with a image of two soldiers, or when the stanza about The Three Scourges is illustrated with a picture of Famine.
There probably don't exist versions of those two images that in Accidens have the numbers 15 and 19.
Accidens de l'Homme had a 26th image: the author delivering the final morale. There is a person in the same book as La Vie de l'Homme, who looks a lot like this author (picture to the left), but he does not appear in "La Vie de l'Homme". He is one of two male and two female prophets who are used extensively in other sections of the books, in particular about the destruction of Jerusalem.
Twelve of the metalcuts are reused in "Les dis des estas et la response de la mort" (picture to the right). Ten pictures of humans (= "Les dis estas") together with Death and Judgment Day combine to give 6 pages since the pictures are quite big. The text is simply the proverb that finishes every verse in the Danse Macabre of Paris. For instance »Mort nespargne petit ne grant« and »Tout est forge dune metiere« are the ends of the two verses that open the dance, while »Aux grans maistres est deu lhonneur« is the end of Death's invitation to the Pope
The interested reader is referred to the somewhat dry table over the sequences. We will now instead leave these marginals for a while to look at some sources the artists might have used. It will be shown that the two "extra verses" — those that I numbered #9½ and #21 respectively, have just as good a claim to be included in La Vie de l'Homme as the 22 other verses have. But first we shall take a look at The apple of death.
The next few chapters are not about marginals. Instead they look at sources that have inspired these cycles. First: The apple of death.
The previous subject was Accidens de l'Homme.